• Ju Mizuno, Yoshinori Nakata, Shigeho Morita, Hideko Arita, and Kazuo Hanaoka.
• Department of Anesthesiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8605.
• Masui. 2011 Apr 1;60(4):425-35.

AbstractAgitation during the emergence from general anesthesia is a great post-operative problem that often injures the patients themselves and requires the medical staff to restrain and calm the patients. The predisposing factors for emergence agitation include anesthesia, operation, and patient. Sevoflurane anesthesia results in higher incidence of emergence agitation than halothane, because of the rapid emergence, and its effects on central nervous system inducing convulsion and post-operative behavioral changes. The otorhinolaryngologic and ophthalmologic surgeries, post-operative pain, young age, pre-operative anxiety, no past surgical history, and adjustment disorder of patients are risk factors for emergence agitation. The change from sevoflurane to propofol during anesthesia maintenance is a contributing factor to reduce incidence of emergence agitation. The medications including opioids, midazolam, alpha-2 agonists, ketamine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, nitrous oxide, and propofol, and aggressive nerve block such as caudal epidural block for post-operative sedation and analgesia are effective to avoid incidence of emergence agitation. The calm emergence following general anesthesia would decrease the self-injuring behavior, and enhance the parent and caregiver satisfaction in general anesthesia and surgery.

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