• Linda Al-Hassany, Deirdre M Boucherie, Hannah Creeney, Ruben W A van Drie, Fatemeh Farham, Silvia Favaretto, Cédric Gollion, Lou Grangeon, Hannah Lyons, Karol Marschollek, Dilara Onan, Umberto Pensato, Emily Stanyer, Marta Waliszewska-Prosół, Wietse Wiels, Hui Zhou Chen, AminFaisal MohammadFMDanish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. faisal@dadlnet.dk.Department of Neurorehabilitation/Traumatic Brain Injur, and European Headache Federation School of Advanced Studies (EHF-SAS).
• Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
• J Headache Pain. 2023 Jun 28; 24 (1): 7676.

BackgroundMigraine is a disabling and chronic neurovascular headache disorder. Trigeminal vascular activation and release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of migraine. This knowledge has led to the development of CGRP(-receptor) therapies. Yet, a substantial proportion of patients do not respond to these treatments. Therefore, alternative targets for future therapies are warranted. The current narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiological role of these possible non-CGRP targets in migraine.FindingsWe covered targets of the metabotropic receptors (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), amylin, and adrenomedullin), intracellular targets (nitric oxide (NO), phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE3) and -5 (PDE5)), and ion channels (potassium, calcium, transient receptor potential (TRP), and acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC)). The majority of non-CGRP targets were able to induce migraine-like attacks, except for (i) calcium channels, as it is not yet possible to directly target channels to elucidate their precise involvement in migraine; (ii) TRP channels, activation of which can induce non-migraine headache; and (iii) ASICs, as their potential in inducing migraine attacks has not been investigated thus far. Drugs that target its receptors exist for PACAP, NO, and the potassium, TRP, and ASIC channels. No selective drugs exist for the other targets, however, some existing (migraine) treatments appear to indirectly antagonize responses to amylin, adrenomedullin, and calcium channels. Drugs against PACAP, NO, potassium channels, TRP channels, and only a PAC1 antibody have been tested for migraine treatment, albeit with ambiguous results.ConclusionWhile current research on these non-CGRP drug targets has not yet led to the development of efficacious therapies, human provocation studies using these targets have provided valuable insight into underlying mechanisms of migraine headaches and auras. Further studies are needed on these alternative therapies in non-responders of CGRP(-receptor) targeted therapies with the ultimate aim to pave the way towards a headache-free future for all migraine patients.© 2023. The Author(s).

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