• Po-Yun Chiu, Chen-Chih Chung, Yu-Kang Tu, Chien-Hua Tseng, and Yi-Chun Kuan.
• School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of General Medicine, Department of Medical Education, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
• Am J Emerg Med. 2023 Sep 1; 71: 182189182-189.

ObjectiveTargeted temperature management (TTM) with therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has been used to improve neurological outcomes in patients after cardiac arrest; however, several trials have reported conflicting results regarding its effectiveness. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed whether TH was associated with better survival and neurological outcomes after cardiac arrest.MethodWe searched online databases for relevant studies published before May 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing TH and normothermia in post-cardiac-arrest patients were selected. Neurological outcomes and all-cause mortality were assessed as the primary and secondary outcomes, respectively. A subgroup analysis according to initial electrocardiography (ECG) rhythm was performed.ResultNine RCTs (4058 patients) were included. The neurological prognosis was significantly better in patients with an initial shockable rhythm after cardiac arrest (RR = 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.76-0.99, P = 0.04), especially in those with earlier TH initiation (<120 min) and prolonged TH duration (≥24 h). However, the mortality rate after TH was not lower than that after normothermia (RR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.79-1.05). In patients with an initial nonshockable rhythm, TH did not provide significantly more neurological or survival benefits (RR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.93-1.03 and RR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.95-1.05, respectively).ConclusionCurrent evidence with a moderate level of certainty suggests that TH has potential neurological benefits for patients with an initial shockable rhythm after cardiac arrest, especially in those with faster TH initiation and longer TH maintenance.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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