• Rev Invest Clin · Jan 2023

    Review

    Amphetamine-type Stimulants: Novel Insights into their Actions and use Patterns.

    • Miguel I Paz-Ramos, Silvia L Cruz, and Valeria Violante-Soria.
    • Department of Pharmacobiology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico.
    • Rev Invest Clin. 2023 Jan 1; 75 (3): 143157143-157.

    AbstractThis review focuses on the effects and mechanisms of action of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) and their adverse effects on the cardiovascular, nervous, and immune systems. ATS include amphetamine (AMPH), methamphetamine (METH, "crystalmeth," or "ice"), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy," or "Molly"), MDMA derivatives (e.g., methylenedioxyamphetamine [MDA] and methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine [MDEA]), khat, and synthetic cathinones. The first section of this paper presents an overview of the historical aspects of ATS use, their initial clinical use, and regulations. The second part reviews the acute and chronic impact and the most salient clinical effects of ATS on the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, skin, and mouth. The chemical structure, pharmacokinetics, and classic and non-canonical pharmacological actions are covered in the third section, briefly explaining the mechanisms involved. In addition, the interactions of ATS with the central and peripheral immune systems are reviewed. The last section presents data about the syndemic of ATS and opioid use in the North American region, focusing on the increasing adulteration of METH with fentanyl.Copyright: © 2023 Permanyer.

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