• C Byhahn, D Meininger, and P Kessler.
• Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Klinikum der JW Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany. c.byhahn@em.uni-frankfurt.de
• Anaesthesist. 2008 Dec 1;57(12):1144-54.

AbstractPatients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting increasingly show severe co-morbidities, which can negatively affect the outcome. Recent developments in cardiac surgery have therefore focused on minimizing the invasiveness of the procedure by revascularization on the beating heart without cardiopulmonary bypass, and by reducing surgical trauma using smaller surgical incisions. Progress in minimally invasive cardiac surgery has led to minimally invasive anesthesia, i.e. using high thoracic epidural anesthesia as the sole technique in the conscious patient (awake coronary artery bypass grafting, ACAB). Published data on ACAB procedures in smaller cohorts have demonstrated that the procedure is safe. Significant complications occurred in 7.1% of patients. A particular cause of concern during ACAB surgery is the development of spinal epidural hematoma the risk of which has been estimated to be as high as 1:1,000. A thorough risk-benefit analysis has therefore to be made. Currently, ACAB surgery remains limited to few specialized centers and highly selected patients.

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