• Gabrielle Price, Christina P Rossitto, Hannah Price, Constantinos Hadjipanayis, and Michael Martini.
• Department of Neurological Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. Electronic address: gabrielle.price@icahn.mssm.edu.
• World Neurosurg. 2023 Oct 1; 178: e819e827e819-e827.

PurposeWe aimed to catalog past and present clinical trials on immunotherapy treatments for glioblastoma (GBM) and discover relevant trends in this field.MethodsFormer and ongoing clinical trials involving the use of immunotherapy to treat GBM were queried in July 2022 within the clinicaltrials.gov registry (https://clinicaltrials.gov/). Pertinent trials were categorized by variables including immunotherapy classification, tumor type (newly diagnosed versus recurrent), country of origin, start date, clinical phase, study completion status, estimated subject enrollment, design, publication status, and funding source.ResultsA list of 173 trials was identified in total. The number of immunotherapy clinical trials to treat GBM has increased over time. The largest proportion of trials were gene therapies (97 studies; 56.1%) and viral therapies (37 studies; 21.4%). Studies were designated as a biologic (45.1%), drug (43.9%), genetic (2.3%), or procedure (1.2%). Trials spanned 19 countries; China, the second largest contributor (5.8%) after the United States (70.0%), has increased clinical trial development in the past years. The average time to completion was 52.3 months. Trials were primarily funded by academic centers; however, one-fourth of the trials were funded by industry and 2 were funded by foundations. One-t of the trials were active and over one-third were linked to publications.ConclusionsOur findings provide a comprehensive summary of the state of immunotherapy clinical trials for GBM, highlighting the evolving nature and growing scope of this field.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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