• Ann-Kristin Schubert, Thomas Wiesmann, Christian Volberg, Jenny Riecke, Alexander Schneider, Hinnerk Wulf, and Hanns-Christian Dinges.
• Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
• Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2023 Nov 1; 67 (10): 141414221414-1422.

BackgroundRegional anaesthesia has the benefit of reducing the need for systemic analgesia and therefore, potentially reducing undesired side effects. With the end of the sensory nerve block however, many patients report severe pain that requires therapy with opioids and often compromise the initial opioid sparing effect. This study aimed to characterise the postoperative pain profile and the phenomenon of rebound pain after axillary brachial plexus anaesthesia (RA) compared to general anaesthesia (GA).DesignSingle-centre observational, stratified cohort study.SettingThe study was conducted at University Hospital Marburg from May 2020 until September 2022.ParticipantsOne hundred thirty-two patients receiving elective hand and forearm surgery were enrolled in this study.InterventionsGroup RA received ultrasound-guided brachial plexus anaesthesia via the axillary approach with 30 mL of prilocaine 1% and 10 mL ropivacaine 0.2%. Group GA received balanced or total intravenous general anaesthesia.Main Outcome MeasuresPrimary endpoint were integrated pain scores (IPS) within 24 h postoperatively. Secondary endpoints were pain scores (NRS 0-10), morphine equivalents, patient satisfaction, quality of recovery and opioid-related side effects.ResultsOne hundred thirty-two patients were analysed of which 66 patients received brachial plexus block and 66 patients received general anaesthesia. Following RA significantly lower IPS were seen directly after surgery (p < .001) and during the post-anaesthesia care unit interval (p < .001) but equalised after 3 h at the ward. No overshoot in pain scores or increased opioid consumption could be detected. Patient satisfaction and postoperative recovery were comparable between both groups.ConclusionThe IPS and NRS was initially lower in the RA group, increased with fading of the block until equal to the GA group and equal thereafter. Although various definitions of rebound pain were met during this phase, the opioid sparing effect of regional anaesthesia was not counteracted by it. The incidence of episodes with uncontrolled, severe pain did not differ between groups. We found no clinical implications of rebound pain in this setting, since the RA group did not show higher pain scores than the GA group at any time point.Trial RegistrationGerman Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00021764).© 2023 The Authors. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica Foundation.

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