• Ana Zão, Eckart Altenmüller, and Luís Azevedo.
• Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal; Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS) and Associate Laboratory, Health Research Network (CINTESIS@RISE), Porto, Portugal; Pain Unit and Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal; International Center of Arts Medicine, Porto, Portugal.
• J Pain. 2024 Feb 1; 25 (2): 393406393-406.

AbstractWe aim to present the first psychometric evaluation of the Performance-related Pain Among Musicians questionnaire (PPAM), the first questionnaire specifically designed to evaluate performance-related pain among musicians with different musical backgrounds, based on a multicenter validation study. The psychometric evaluation was performed in a validation sample of 458 musicians, at baseline and after seven days. We assessed the applicability, reliability, internal consistency, construct validity, and factor structure of the PPAM. The Cronbach's α coefficients for the 3 subdimensions of PPAM-"pain intensity", "pain interference in general", and "pain interference in performance"-were .834, .864, and .930, respectively, suggesting a high degree of internal consistency. Test-retest reliability coefficients were substantial for all subscales of the PPAM questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis indicated a three-factor structure (pain intensity, interference in general activities, and interference in performance) that explained 62% of the variance. Both convergent and divergent validity were well demonstrated, confirming more than 95% of the previously defined hypotheses regarding correlations with other measures. PPAM is the first validated questionnaire to evaluate pain among musicians with different musical backgrounds. This online self-reported questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool suitable for both clinical research and clinical practice, with excellent psychometric properties, both in terms of internal consistency, test-retest reliability, factor analysis, and construct validity. It will allow the development of more robust studies on pain and disability among musicians, comparative studies between different subgroups of musicians and the evaluation of predictive factors of pain development. PERSPECTIVE: This article presents the psychometric properties of the first questionnaire to evaluate pain among musicians (in general), the "Performance-related Pain among Musicians Questionnaire" (PPAM). This valid and reliable tool, composed by three constructs (pain intensity, interference in general activities, and interference in performance), will improve the pain assessment among musicians.Copyright © 2024 United States Association for the Study of Pain, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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