• Bianca Raffaelli, Thien Phu Do, Basit Ali Chaudhry, Messoud Ashina, AminFaisal MohammadFMDepartment of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.Department of Brain and Spinal Cord I, and Håkan Ashina.
• Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
• J Headache Pain. 2023 Sep 21; 24 (1): 131131.

ObjectiveTo explore and critically appraise the evidence supporting the role of estrogen withdrawal in menstrual migraine.Main BodyMenstrual migraine, impacting about 6% of reproductive-age women, manifests as migraine attacks closely related to the menstrual cycle. The estrogen withdrawal hypothesis posits that the premenstrual drop in estrogen levels serves as a trigger of migraine attacks. Despite its wide acceptance, the current body of evidence supporting this hypothesis remains limited, warranting further validation. Estrogen is believed to exert a modulatory effect on pain, particularly within the trigeminovascular system - the anatomic and physiologic substrate of migraine pathogenesis. Nevertheless, existing studies are limited by methodologic inconsistencies, small sample sizes, and variable case definitions, precluding definitive conclusions. To improve our understanding of menstrual migraine, future research should concentrate on untangling the intricate interplay between estrogen, the trigeminovascular system, and migraine itself. This necessitates the use of robust methods, larger sample sizes, and standardized case definitions to surmount the limitations encountered in previous investigations.ConclusionFurther research is thus needed to ascertain the involvement of estrogen withdrawal in menstrual migraine and advance the development of effective management strategies to address unmet treatment needs.© 2023. Springer-Verlag Italia S.r.l., part of Springer Nature.

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