• Lawrence Y Lu, Hui Min Lee, Andrew Burke, Gianluigi Li Bassi, Antoni Torres, John F Fraser, and Jonathon P Fanning.
• Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia; The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia; The Princess Alexandra Hospital, Metro South Hospital and Health Service, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; The Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD Australia.
• Chest. 2024 Mar 1; 165 (3): 540558540-558.

BackgroundInfluenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (IAPA) increasingly is being reported in critically ill patients. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the prevalence, risk factors, clinical features, and outcomes of IAPA.Study QuestionWhat are the prevalence, risk factors, clinical features, and outcomes of IAPA in critically ill patients?Study Design And MethodsStudies reporting IAPA were searched in the following databases: PubMed MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov. We performed one-group meta-analysis on risk factors, clinical features, morbidity, and mortality using random effects models.ResultsWe included 10 observational studies with 1,720 critically ill patients with influenza, resulting in an IAPA prevalence of 19.2% (331 of 1,720). Patients who had undergone organ transplantation (OR, 4.8; 95% CI, 1.7-13.8; I2 = 45%), harbored a hematogenous malignancy (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.5-4.1; I2 = 0%), were immunocompromised (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.6-3.1; I2 = 0%), and underwent prolonged corticosteroid use before admission (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4-4.3; I2 = 51%) were found to be at a higher risk of IAPA developing. Commonly reported clinical and imaging features were not particularly associated with IAPA. However, IAPA was associated with more severe disease progression, a higher complication rate, and longer ICU stays and required more organ supports. Overall, IAPA was associated with a significantly elevated ICU mortality rate (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.8-3.8; I2 = 0%).InterpretationIAPA is a common complication of severe influenza and is associated with increased mortality. Early diagnosis of IAPA and initiation of antifungal treatment are essential, and future research should focus on developing a clinical algorithm.Trial RegistryInternational Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews; No.: CRD42022284536; URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/.Copyright © 2023 American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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