• Jean-Luc K Kabangu, Bailey R Yekzaman, Cody A Heskett, Adam G Rouse, and Roukoz B Chamoun.
• Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA. Electronic address: jkabangu@kumc.edu.
• World Neurosurg. 2024 Jan 1; 181: e177e181e177-e181.

ObjectiveThe COVID-19 pandemic forced neurosurgery residency application processes to adopt a virtual interview model. This study analyzes the trends in program and applicant residency match behavior due to virtual interviews.MethodsNational Resident Matching Program data from Main Residency Match, National Resident Matching Program Director and Applicant Survey, Electronic Residency Application Service, and Charting Outcomes in the Match were collected for neurosurgery residents for all available years, providing information on neurosurgery residency application, interview, and match outcomes. Studied years were dichotomized to account for virtual versus in-person interviews and analyzed for differences.ResultsAlthough the average number of applications received during in-person versus virtual years was not statistically different, 245 versus 290 (P = 0.115), programs interviewed more applicants when interviews were virtual, 37.2 versus 46, (P = 0.008). Similarly, matched U.S. senior applicants did not submit a statistically higher number of applications in person versus virtual, 54 versus 77 (P = 0.055), but they did attend more interviews virtually, 20.5 versus 16.6 (P = 0.013), and ranked more programs, 20 versus 16.2 (P = 0.002). Although White applicants did not have a statistically significant difference in number of applications submitted (55 vs. 68, P = 0.129), Black applicants submitted more applications during virtual match compared with in-person match (52 vs. 74, P = 0.012). The number of applicants that programs needed to rank to fill each position was not statistically different when comparing in-person versus virtually conducted interviews, 4.6 versus 5.4 (P = 0.070).ConclusionsDespite no change in the overall number of applications submitted per applicant, Black applicants submitted more applications virtually, suggesting potential benefits of virtual format for Black applicants. Interview format was strongly correlated to the use of perceived fitness by applicants in rank decision making. Virtual interviews provide major financial advantages to candidates and could help improve Black representation in neurosurgery. However, they impose limitations on ability access fitness.Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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