• William W White and Michael J Jung.
• Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA. Electronic address: william.w.white@cuanschutz.edu.
• Neuromodulation. 2023 Oct 1; 26 (7): 138113861381-1386.

ObjectiveThis study evaluates the use of a three-dimensional virtual reality spinal cord stimulator (SCS) training system to enhance trainee confidence and technical proficiency with interlaminar epidural access and SCS placement.Materials And MethodsA total of 14 trainees comprising pain fellows and residents were recruited. Experience and confidence levels were established through pre- and postsurveys. Each trainee performed two sessions placing SCS leads using the training device. In between attempts, a standardized teaching session was performed with the simulator. Performance during each attempt was assessed through objective measures such as needle angle and an evaluation rubric Pain Procedure Rating System (PaPRS). Statistical analysis was performed through paired sample t-test to evaluate a single group between separate trials, whereas unpaired t-test was used to assess the difference between the two groups at baseline or within a single trial.ResultsParticipants had statistically significant improvements in their ability to safely access the epidural space (57.1% improving to 100%, p < 0.01) and to effectively drive percutaneous leads to the target level (7.1% improving to 71.4%, p < 0.001). The mean confidence levels improved by 71.4% for interlaminar epidural access (p < 0.001) and 306% for SCS placement (p < 0.001). The mean procedural efficiency (total procedure time) improved by 43.2% (p < 0.001). The PaPRS total score increased by an average of 73.3% (p < 0.001).ConclusionsVirtually simulated neuromodulation training is a viable and effective method of augmenting neuromodulation education. Such didactics are options vital for neuromodulation training, given variable exposure during residency and fellowship.Published by Elsevier Inc.

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