• Faustino R Pérez-López, Vinay Pasupuleti, Edward Mezones-Holguin, Vicente A Benites-Zapata, Priyaleela Thota, Abhishek Deshpande, and Adrian V Hernandez.
• Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Zaragoza Faculty of Medicine and Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain. Electronic address: faustino.perez@unizar.es.
• Fertil. Steril. 2015 May 1;103(5):1278-88.e4.

ObjectiveTo assess the effects of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on obstetric outcomes and birth variables.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).SettingNot applicable.Patient(S)Pregnant women and neonates.Intervention(S)PubMed and 5 other research databases were searched through March 2014 for RCTs evaluating vitamin D supplementation ± calcium/vitamins/ferrous sulfate vs. a control (placebo or active) during pregnancy.Main Outcome Measure(S)Measures were: circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), small for gestational age (SGA), low birth weight, preterm birth, birth weight, birth length, cesarean section. Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effects models were used, owing to expected scarcity of outcomes. Effects were reported as relative risks and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Result(S)Thirteen RCTs (n = 2,299) were selected. Circulating 25(OH)D levels were significantly higher at term, compared with the control group (mean difference: 66.5 nmol/L, 95% CI 66.2-66.7). Birth weight and birth length were significantly greater for neonates in the vitamin D group; mean difference: 107.6 g (95% CI 59.9-155.3 g) and 0.3 cm (95% CI 0.10-0.41 cm), respectively. Incidence of preeclampsia, GDM, SGA, low birth weight, preterm birth, and cesarean section were not influenced by vitamin D supplementation. Across RCTs, the doses and types of vitamin D supplements, gestational age at first administration, and outcomes were heterogeneous.Conclusion(S)Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy was associated with increased circulating 25(OH)D levels, birth weight, and birth length, and was not associated with other maternal and neonatal outcomes. Larger, better-designed RCTs evaluating clinically relevant outcomes are necessary to reach a definitive conclusion.Copyright © 2015 American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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