• Guillaume Thizy, Adrien Flahault, Anne Scemla, Olivier Roux, Sophie Jarraud, David Lebeaux, Jacques Pouchot, Gabriela Gautier-Vargas, Paolo Malvezzi, Marlene Murris, Fanny Vuotto, Sophie Girerd, Nathalie Pansu, Teresa Antonini, Laure Elkrief, Benoit Barrou, Camille Besch, Mathieu Blot, Aude Boignard, Henri Brenier, Audrey Coilly, Corentin Gouezel, Kaminski Hannah, Pauline Housssel-Debry, Jerome Jouan, Hervé Lecuyer, Anne Limelette, Charles Edouard Luyt, Boris Melloni, Christophe Pison, Cédric Rafat, Jean-Michel Rebibou, Eric Savier, Betoul Schvartz, Olivier Scatton, Fatouma Toure, Shaida Varnous, Pauline Vidal, Emilie Savoye, Florence Ader, Olivier Lortholary, Fanny Lanternier, and Emmanuel Lafont.
• Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Universitaire, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.
• Chest. 2024 Mar 1; 165 (3): 507520507-520.

BackgroundLegionnaires disease (LD) is a rare, life-threatening opportunistic bacterial infection that poses a significant risk to patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity such as solid organ transplant recipients. However, the epidemiologic features, clinical presentation, and outcomes of LD in this population are poorly described.Research QuestionWhat are the clinical manifestations, radiologic presentation, risk factors for severity, treatment, and outcome of LD in solid organ transplant recipients?Study Design And MethodsIn this 10-year multicenter retrospective cohort study in France, where LD notification is mandatory, patients were identified by hospital discharge databases. Diagnosis of LD relied on positive culture findings from any respiratory sample, positive urinary antigen test (UAT) results, positive specific serologic findings, or a combination thereof. Severe LD was defined as admission to the ICU.ResultsOne hundred one patients from 51 transplantation centers were eligible; 64 patients (63.4%) were kidney transplant recipients. Median time between transplantation and LD was 5.6 years (interquartile range, 1.5-12 years). UAT results were positive in 92% of patients (89/97). Among 31 patients with positive culture findings in respiratory samples, Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was identified in 90%. Chest CT imaging showed alveolar consolidation in 98% of patients (54 of 57), ground-glass opacity in 63% of patients (36 of 57), macronodules in 21% of patients (12 of 57), and cavitation in 8.8% of patients (5 of 57). Fifty-seven patients (56%) were hospitalized in the ICU. In multivariate analysis, severe LD was associated with negative UAT findings at presentation (P = .047), lymphopenia (P = .014), respiratory symptoms (P = .010), and pleural effusion (P = .039). The 30-day and 12-month mortality rates were 8% (8 of 101) and 20% (19 of 97), respectively. In multivariate analysis, diabetes mellitus was the only factor associated with 12-month mortality (hazard ratio, 3.2; 95% OR, 1.19-8.64; P = .022).InterpretationLD is a late and severe complication occurring in solid organ transplant recipients that may present as pulmonary nodules on which diabetes impacts its long-term prognosis.Copyright © 2023 American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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