• Jacqueline R Halladay, Sally C Stearns, Thomas Wroth, Lynn Spragens, Sara Hofstetter, Sheryl Zimmerman, and Philip D Sloane.
• Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. jacqueline_halladay@med.unc.edu
• Ann Fam Med. 2009 Nov 1; 7 (6): 495503495-503.

PurposeWe wanted to determine how much it costs primary care practices to participate in programs that require them to gather and report data on care quality indicators.MethodsUsing mixed quantitative-qualitative methods, we gathered data from 8 practices in North Carolina that were selected purposively to be diverse by size, ownership, type, location, and medical records. Formal practice visits occurred between January 2008 and May 2008. Four quality-reporting programs were studied: Medicare's Physician Quality Reporting Initiative (PQRI), Community Care of North Carolina (CCNC), Bridges to Excellence (BTE), and Improving Performance in Practice (IPIP). We estimated direct costs to the practice and on-site costs to the quality organization for implementation and maintenance phases of program participation.ResultsMajor expenses included personnel time for planning, training, registry maintenance, visit coding, data gathering and entry, and modification of electronic systems. Costs per full-time equivalent clinician ranged from less than $1,000 to $11,100 during program implementation phases and ranged from less than $100 to $4,300 annually during maintenance phases. Main sources of variation included program characteristics, amount of on-site assistance provided, experience and expertise of practice personnel, and the extent of data system problems encountered.ConclusionsThe costs of a quality-reporting program vary greatly by program and are important to anticipate and understand when undertaking quality improvement work. Incentives that would likely improve practice participation include financial payment, quality improvement skills training, and technical assistance with electronic system troubleshooting.

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