• Françoise Dromer, Simone Mathoulin-Pélissier, Odile Launay, Olivier Lortholary, and French Cryptococcosis Study Group.
• Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, Centre National de Référence Mycologie et Antifongiques, CNRS URA3042, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. dromer@pasteur.fr
• PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 1; 4 (2): e21e21.

BackgroundCryptococcosis is a life-threatening opportunistic fungal infection in both HIV-positive and -negative patients. Information on clinical presentation and therapeutic guidelines, derived mostly from clinical trials performed before introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, is missing data on extrameningeal involvement and infections by serotype D as opposed to serotype A of Cryptococcus neoformans.Methods And FindingsThe prospective multicenter study CryptoA/D was designed in France (1997-2001) to analyse the factors influencing clinical presentation and outcome without the bias of inclusion into therapeutic trials. Of the 230 patients enrolled, 177 (77%) were HIV-positive, 50 (22%) were female, and 161 (72.5%) were infected with serotype A. Based on culture results at baseline, cryptococcosis was more severe in men, in HIV-positive patients, and in patients infected with serotype A. Factors independently associated with mycological failure at week 2 independent of HIV status were initial dissemination (OR, 2.4 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-4.9]), high (>1:512) serum antigen titre (OR, 2.6 [1.3-5.4]), and lack of flucytosine during induction therapy (OR, 3.8 [1.9-7.8]). The three-month survival was shorter in patients with abnormal neurology or brain imaging at baseline, and in those with haematological malignancy.ConclusionsThus sex, HIV status, and infecting serotype are major determinants of presentation and outcome during cryptococcosis. We propose a modification of current guidelines for the initial management of cryptococcosis based on systematic fungal burden evaluation.

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