• Nabil Ali-Mohamad, Massimo F Cau, Xu Wang, Adele Khavari, Kristyn Ringgold, Asad Naveed, Christopher Sherwood, Nuoya Peng, Han Zhang Gao, Youjie Zhang, Hugh Semple, Henry Peng, Catherine Tenn, James R Baylis, Andrew Beckett, Nathan J White, and Christian J Kastrup.
• Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
• Mil Med. 2023 Nov 8; 188 (Suppl 6): 280287280-287.

IntroductionHemorrhage is responsible for 91% of preventable prehospital deaths in combat. Bleeding from anatomic junctions such as the groin, neck, and axillae make up 19% of these deaths, and reports estimate that effective control of junctional hemorrhage could have prevented 5% of fatalities in Afghanistan. Hemostatic dressings are effective but are time-consuming to apply and are limited when proper packing and manual pressure are not feasible, such as during care under fire. CounterFlow-Gauze is a hemostatic dressing that is effective without compression and delivers thrombin and tranexamic acid into wounds. Here, an advanced prototype of CounterFlow-Gauze, containing a range of low thrombin doses, was tested in a lethal swine model of junctional hemorrhage. Outcomes were compared with those of Combat Gauze, the current dressing recommended by Tactical Combat Casualty Care.Materials And MethodsCounterFlow-Gauze containing thrombin doses of 0, 20, 200, and 500 IU was prepared. Swine received femoral arteriotomies, and CounterFlow-Gauze was packed into wounds without additional manual compression. In a separate study using a similar model of junctional hemorrhage without additional compression, CounterFlow-Gauze containing 500 IU thrombin was tested and compared with Combat Gauze. In both studies, the primary outcomes were survival to 3 h and volume of blood loss.ResultsCounterFlow-Gauze with 200 and 500 IU had the highest 3-h survival, achieving 70 and 75% survival, respectively. CounterFlow-Gauze resulted in mean peak plasma tranexamic acid concentrations of 9.6 ± 1.0 µg/mL (mean ± SEM) within 3 h. In a separate study with smaller injury, CounterFlow-Gauze with 500 IU achieved 100% survival to 3 h compared with 92% in Combat Gauze animals.ConclusionsAn advanced preclinical prototype of CounterFlow-Gauze formulated with a minimized thrombin dose is highly effective at managing junctional hemorrhage without compression. These results demonstrate that CounterFlow-Gauze could be developed into a feasible alternative to Combat Gauze for hemorrhage control on the battlefield.© The Association of Military Surgeons of the United States 2023. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

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