• Ligia Kerr, Carl Kendall, Mark Drew Crosland Guimarães, Salani MotaRosaR, Maria Amélia Veras, Inês Dourado, Maria de BritoAnaA, Edgar Merchan-Hamann, Alexandre Kerr Pontes, Andréa Fachel Leal, Daniela Knauth, Ana Rita Coimbra Motta Castro, Raimunda Hermelinda Maia Macena, Luana Nepomuceno Costa Lima, Lisangela Cristina Oliveira, Maria do Socorro Cavalcantee, Adele Schwartz Benzaken, Gerson Pereira, Cristina Pimenta, Ana Roberta Pati Pascom, Ximena Pamela Diaz Bermudez, Regina Célia Moreira, Luis Fernando Macedo Brígido, Ana Cláudia Camillo, Willi McFarland, and Lisa G Johnston.
• Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Saúde Comunitária, Fortaleza, CE Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Social, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Departamento de Estatística e Matemática Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Faculdade de Ciências Medicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhaes, Recife, PE Centro de Ciências da Saúde - Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade de Brasília Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Brasília Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Departamento de Sociologia Departamento de Medicina Social, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS FIOCRUZ - Unidade Mato Grosso do Sul, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Medicina - Departamento de Fisioterapia, Fortaleza, CE Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, PA Centro Universitário Autônomo do Brasil, Curitiba, PR Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Ceará, Secretaria de Saúde do Município de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE Departamento de IST e HIV/AIDS e Hepatites Virais, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo - SP Fundação Alfredo da Matta, Manaus, AZ, Brasil Center for Global Health, University of California, San Francisco, CA Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, New Orleans, LA, USA.
• Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 May 1; 97 (1S Suppl 1): S9S15S9-S15.

AbstractThis paper reports human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) prevalence in the 2nd National Biological and Behavioral Surveillance Survey (BBSS) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in 12 cities in Brazil using respondent-driven sampling (RDS).Following formative research, RDS was applied in 12 cities in the 5 macroregions of Brazil between June and December 2016 to recruit MSM for BBSS. The target sample size was 350 per city. Five to 6 seeds were initially selected to initiate recruitment and coupons and interviews were managed online. On-site rapid testing was used for HIV screening, and confirmed by a 2nd test. Participants were weighted using Gile estimator. Data from all 12 cities were merged and analyzed with Stata 14.0 complex survey data analysis tools in which each city was treated as its own strata. Missing data for those who did not test were imputed HIV+ if they reported testing positive before and were taking antiretroviral therapy.A total of 4176 men were recruited in the 12 cities. The average time to completion was 10.2 weeks. The longest chain length varied from 8 to 21 waves. The sample size was achieved in all but 2 cities.A total of 3958 of the 4176 respondents agreed to test for HIV (90.2%). For results without imputation, 17.5% (95%CI: 14.7-20.7) of our sample was HIV positive. With imputation, 18.4% (95%CI: 15.4-21.7) were seropositive.HIV prevalence increased beyond expectations from the results of the 2009 survey (12.1%; 95%CI: 10.0-14.5) to 18.4%; CI95%: 15.4 to 21.7 in 2016. This increase accompanies Brazil's focus on the treatment to prevention strategy, and a decrease in support for community-based organizations and community prevention programs.

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