• Yolanda Pedrero-Martin, Deborah Falla, Pablo Rodriguez-Brazzarola, Marcelino Torrontegui-Duarte, Manuel Fernandez-Sanchez, Jose Manuel Jerez-Aragones, Bernard X W Liew, and Alejandro Luque-Suarez.
• University of Malaga, Faculty of Health Sciences, Malaga, Spain.
• Clin J Pain. 2024 Mar 1; 40 (3): 165173165-173.

ObjectivesThe understanding of the role that cognitive and emotional factors play in how an individual recovers from a whiplash injury is important. Hence, we sought to evaluate whether pain-related cognitions (self-efficacy beliefs, expectation of recovery, pain catastrophizing, optimism, and pessimism) and emotions (kinesiophobia) are longitudinally associated with the transition to chronic whiplash-associated disorders in terms of perceived disability and perceived recovery at 6 and 12 months.MethodsOne hundred sixty-one participants with acute or subacute whiplash-associated disorder were included. The predictors were: self-efficacy beliefs, expectation of recovery, pain catastrophizing, optimism, pessimism, pain intensity, and kinesiophobia. The 2 outcomes were the dichotomized scores of perceived disability and recovery expectations at 6 and 12 months. Stepwise regression with bootstrap resampling was performed to identify the predictors most strongly associated with the outcomes and the stability of such selection.ResultsBaseline perceived disability, pain catastrophizing, and expectation of recovery were the most likely to be statistically significant, with an overage frequency of 87.2%, 84.0%, and 84.0%, respectively.ConclusionIndividuals with higher expectations of recovery and lower levels of pain catastrophizing and perceived disability at baseline have higher perceived recovery and perceived disability at 6 and 12 months. These results have important clinical implications as both factors are modifiable through health education approaches.Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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