• Jacopo Fumagalli and Antonio Pesenti.
• Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico.
• Curr Opin Crit Care. 2024 Feb 1; 30 (1): 697569-75.

Purpose Of ReviewAccumulating evidence ascribes the benefit of extracorporeal gas exchange, at least in most severe cases, to the provision of a lung healing environment through the mitigation of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) risk. In spite of pretty homogeneous criteria for extracorporeal gas exchange application (according to the degree of hypoxemia/hypercapnia), ventilatory management during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)/carbon dioxide removal (ECCO 2 R) varies across centers. Here we summarize the recent evidence regarding the management of mechanical ventilation during extracorporeal gas exchange for respiratory support.Recent FindingsAt present, the most common approach to protect the native lung against VILI following ECMO initiation involves lowering tidal volume and driving pressure, making modest reductions in respiratory rate, while typically maintaining positive end-expiratory pressure levels unchanged.Regarding ECCO 2 R treatment, higher efficiency devices are required in order to reduce significantly respiratory rate and/or tidal volume.SummaryThe best compromise between reduction of native lung ventilatory load, extracorporeal gas exchange efficiency, and strategies to preserve lung aeration deserves further investigation.Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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