• Nikola Anusic and Daniel I Sessler.
• Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
• Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2024 Feb 1; 37 (1): 424842-48.

Purpose Of ReviewRandomized clinical trials, now commonplace and regarded as top-tier evidence, are actually a recent development. The first randomized trial took place in 1948, just six decades ago. As anticipated from a relatively young field, rapid progress continues in response to an ever-increasing number of medical questions that demand answers. We examine evolving methodologies in cardiac anesthesia clinical trials, focusing on the transition towards larger sample sizes, increasing use of pragmatic trial designs, and the innovative adoption of real-time automated enrollment and randomization. We highlight how these changes enhance the reliability and feasibility of clinical trials.Recent FindingsRecent understanding in clinical trial methodology acknowledges the importance of large sample sizes, which increase the reliability of findings. As illustrated by P value fragility, small trials can mislead despite statistical significance. Pragmatic trials have gained prominence, offering real-world insights into the effectiveness of various treatments. Additionally, the use of real-time automated enrollment and randomization, particularly in situations where obtaining prior consent is impractical, is an important methodological advance.SummaryThe landscape of cardiac anesthesia clinical trials is rapidly evolving, with a clear trend towards large sample sizes and innovative approaches to enrollment. Recent developments enhance the quality and applicability of research findings, thus providing robust guidance to clinicians.Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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