• Dana D Im, Alice K Bukhman, Josh W Joseph, Jim C Dziobek, Jill Grant, Kathleen C Clifford, Inkyu Kim, Paul C Chen, Naomi A Schmelzer, Robin Powell, Beth Waters, Andrew Dundin, Noah Askman, Terrance Lassiter, Da'Marcus E Baymon, Kalpana Shankar, and Leon D Sanchez.
• Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Faulkner Hospital, Boston, MA, 1153 Centre Street, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 75 Francis Street, NH-2, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: dim@bwh.harvard.edu.
• Am J Emerg Med. 2024 Feb 1; 76: 193198193-198.

IntroductionRestraint use in the emergency department (ED) can pose significant risks to patients and health care workers. We evaluate the effectiveness of Code De-escalation- a standardized, team-based approach for management and assessment of threatening behaviors- in reducing physical restraint use and workplace violence in a community ED.MethodsA retrospective observational study of a pathway on physical restraint use among patients placed on an involuntary psychiatric hold in a community ED. This pathway includes a built-in step for the team members to systematically assess perceptions of threats from the patient behavior and threats perceived by the patient. Our primary outcome was the change in the rate of physical restraint use among patients on an involuntary psychiatric hold. Our secondary outcome was the change in the rate of workplace violence events involving all ED encounters. We evaluated our outcomes by comparing all encounters in a ten-month period before and after implementation, and compared our results to rates at neighboring community hospitals within the same hospital network.ResultsPre intervention there were 434 ED encounters involving a psychiatric hold, post-intervention there were 535. We observed a significant decrease in physical restraint use, from 7.4% to 3.7% (ARR 0.028 [95% CI 0.002-0.055], p < 0.05). This was not seen at the control sites.ConclusionsA standardized de-escalation algorithm can be effective in helping ED's decrease their use of physical restraints in management of psychiatric patients experiencing agitation.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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