• Chukwuka Elendu, Dependable C Amaechi, Tochi C Elendu, Border-Ere Fiemotonghan, Osinachi K Okoye, Chigozirim M Agu-Ben, Samuel O Onyekweli, Dorcas A Amapu, Richard Ikpegbu, Mercy Asekhauno, Erica Pius, Adediwura T Bayo-Shodipo, Chidera A Okezie-Okoye, Nurudeen Bello, Chibuike Oguine, Promise Edochie, Nkechinyere Dike, Ibirongbe Amos, Joan Asekhauno, Tanitoluwa M Wusu-Ejalonibu, Emmanuella E Ozigi, Grace O Otobo, Aderinsola R Olokodana, Chiagozie P Ayabazu, Raphael T Nwafor, Nandir J Gonji, Otite Akpovona, Temitope I Awotoye, Mutalib O Ozigis, Oluwatosin Afolabi, Omotayo S Alabi, and Mololuwa Adebayo.
• University of California, Santa Cruz, CA.
• Medicine (Baltimore). 2024 Jan 19; 103 (3): e36895e36895.

AbstractHeart failure (HF) poses a significant global health burden, necessitating a profound understanding of its multifaceted dimensions. This comprehensive review aims to unravel the etiology, decode pathophysiological mechanisms, navigate diagnostic modalities, explore pharmacological interventions, advocate lifestyle modifications, and chart the horizon of emerging therapies in the complex landscape of chronic cardiac dysfunction. The exploration of HF begins with an insightful journey into its diverse etiological factors, encompassing genetic predispositions, hypertension, and coronary artery disease. Delving into pathophysiological mechanisms, this review elucidates the intricate processes of cardiac remodeling, neurohormonal activation, and cellular dysfunction that underlie the progression of HF. Diagnostic modalities play a pivotal role in unraveling the mysteries of HF by examining advanced imaging techniques, biomarkers, and comprehensive clinical assessments. The pharmacological interventions section provides an in-depth analysis of traditional medications, such as diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, while highlighting the emergence of novel drug classes transforming HF management. Advocating lifestyle modifications emphasizes the crucial role of diet, exercise, smoking cessation, and alcohol moderation in enhancing patient outcomes. Lastly, the review delves into the promising horizon of emerging therapies, offering a glimpse into current research, innovative treatment approaches, and potential breakthroughs. As HF management faces challenges in patient compliance, healthcare access, and education, this comprehensive review aims to equip healthcare professionals and researchers with a holistic understanding of chronic cardiac dysfunction's intricacies. In conclusion, synthesizing key findings emphasizes the need for an integrated and multidimensional approach to effectively address the complex landscape of heart failure.Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

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