• DaanenHein A MHAMDepartment of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., Gercora Hoitinga, David J Kruijt, Kevin S Koning, Pooh P Verheijen, Sanne I M de Baas, Anouk R Bergsma, Cathelijne E Snethlage, Iman Al-Bander, and Lennart P J Teunissen.
• Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
• J Emerg Med. 2024 Mar 1; 66 (3): e277e283e277-e283.

BackgroundThere is concern that the values provided by devices using infrared thermometry in emergency departments (EDs) do not reflect body core temperature accurately.ObjectivesEvaluation of three thermometers commonly used in the ED.MethodsTwo infrared ear thermometers and an infrared forehead thermometer were evaluated using 1) the Voltcraft IRS-350 calibration device, 2) comparing temperature values to a rectal end-exercise temperature (T-RECT) of 38.1°C in 12 participants, and 3) comparing temperature values to rectal temperature in 133 ED patients.ResultsCalibration across the human core temperature range revealed that the ear thermometers underestimated radiant temperature by 0.77 ± 0.39°C and 1.84 ± 0.26°C, respectively, whereas the forehead thermometer overestimated radiant temperature by 0.90 ± 0.51°C. After cycling exercise, all thermometers underestimated T-RECT (0.54 ± 0.27°C and 1.03 ± 0.48°C for the ear thermometers and 1.14 ± 0.38°C for the forehead thermometer). In the ED, the ear thermometers underestimated T-RECT by 0.31 ± 0.37°C and 0.46 ± 0.50°C, whereas the forehead thermometer exhibited a nonsignificant overestimation of 0.04 ± 0.46°C. If the threshold for fever in all systems had been set to 37.5°C instead of 38.0°C, the sensitivity and specificity of the systems for real fever (T-RECT ≥ 38°C) are, respectively, 71% and 96% (ear thermometer 1), 57% and 97% (ear thermometer 2), and 86% and 90% (forehead thermometer).ConclusionWe conclude that the investigated thermometers are not reliable as devices to measure radiant temperature, cannot be used to assess body core temperature during exercise, but may be used as a screening device, with 37.5°C as a threshold for fever in emergency care settings.Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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