• Min Seo Kim, Hayeon Lee, Seung Won Lee, Rosie Kwon, Sang Youl Rhee, Jin A Lee, Ai Koyanagi, Lee Smith, Guillaume Fond, Laurent Boyer, Jinseok Lee, Masoud Rahmati, Ju-Young Shin, Chanyang Min, Jae Il Shin, and Dong Keon Yon.
• Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.S.K.).
• Ann. Intern. Med. 2024 Mar 1; 177 (3): 291302291-302.

BackgroundSome data suggest a higher incidence of diagnosis of autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIRDs) among patients with a history of COVID-19 compared with uninfected patients. However, these studies had methodological shortcomings.ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of COVID-19 on long-term risk for incident AIRD over various follow-up periods.DesignBinational, longitudinal, propensity-matched cohort study.SettingNationwide claims-based databases in South Korea (K-COV-N cohort) and Japan (JMDC cohort).Participants10 027 506 Korean and 12 218 680 Japanese patients aged 20 years or older, including those with COVID-19 between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2021, matched to patients with influenza infection and to uninfected control patients.MeasurementsThe primary outcome was onset of AIRD (per appropriate codes from the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision) 1, 6, and 12 months after COVID-19 or influenza infection or the respective matched index date of uninfected control patients.ResultsBetween 2020 and 2021, among the 10 027 506 Korean participants (mean age, 48.4 years [SD, 13.4]; 50.1% men), 394 274 (3.9%) and 98 596 (0.98%) had a history of COVID-19 or influenza, respectively. After propensity score matching, beyond the first 30 days after infection, patients with COVID-19 were at increased risk for incident AIRD compared with uninfected patients (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.18 to 1.31]) and influenza-infected control patients (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.30 [CI, 1.02 to 1.59]). The risk for incident AIRD was higher with more severe acute COVID-19. Similar patterns were observed in the Japanese cohort.LimitationsReferral bias due to the pandemic; residual confounding.ConclusionSARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with increased risk for incident AIRD compared with matched patients without SARS-CoV-2 infection or with influenza infection. The risk for incident AIRD was higher with greater severity of acute COVID-19.Primary Funding SourceNational Research Foundation of Korea.

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