• Lauren Kearney, Rendelle E Bolton, Eduardo R Núñez, Jacqueline H Boudreau, Samantha Sliwinski, Abigail N Herbst, Tanner J Caverly, and Renda Soylemez Wiener.
• Center for Healthcare Organization & Implementation Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA and VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA. lekearn@bu.edu.
• J Gen Intern Med. 2024 Sep 1; 39 (12): 228422912284-2291.

BackgroundPrimary care providers (PCPs) are often the first point of contact for discussing lung cancer screening (LCS) with patients. While guidelines recommend against screening people with limited life expectancy (LLE) who are less likely to benefit, these patients are regularly referred for LCS.ObjectiveWe sought to understand barriers PCPs face to incorporating life expectancy into LCS decision-making for patients who otherwise meet eligibility criteria, and how a hypothetical point-of-care tool could support patient selection.DesignQualitative study based on semi-structured telephone interviews.ParticipantsThirty-one PCPs who refer patients for LCS, from six Veterans Health Administration facilities.ApproachWe thematically analyzed interviews to understand how PCPs incorporated life expectancy into LCS decision-making and PCPs' receptivity to a point-of-care tool to support patient selection. Final themes were organized according to the Cabana et al. framework Why Don't Physicians Follow Clinical Practice Guidelines, capturing the influence of clinician knowledge, attitudes, and behavior on LCS appropriateness determinations.Key ResultsPCP referrals to LCS for patients with LLE were influenced by limited knowledge of the life expectancy threshold at which patients are less likely to benefit from LCS, discomfort estimating life expectancy, fear of missing cancer at the point of early detection, and prioritization of factors such as quality of life, patient values, clinician-patient relationship, and family support. PCPs were receptive to a decision support tool to inform and communicate LCS appropriateness decisions if easy to use and integrated into clinical workflows.ConclusionsOur study suggests knowledge gaps and attitudes may drive decisions to offer screening despite LLE, a behavior counter to guideline recommendations. Integrating a LCS decision support tool that incorporates life expectancy within the electronic medical record and existing clinical workflows may be one acceptable solution to improve guideline concordance and increase confidence in selecting high benefit patients for LCS.© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Society of General Internal Medicine.

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