• Francesco Santoro, Ivan J Núñez-Gil, María C Viana-Llamas, Emilio Alfonso-Rodríguez, Aitor Uribarri, Victor Manuel Becerra-Muñoz, GuzmanGisela FeltesGFHospital Nuestra Señora de America, Department of Cardiology, Madrid, Spain., Nicola Di Nunno, Javier Lopez-Pais, Enrico Cerrato, Gianfranco Sinagra, Massimo Mapelli, Riccardo M Inciardi, Claudia Specchia, Chiara Oriecuia, and Natale Daniele Brunetti.
• Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
• Eur. J. Intern. Med. 2024 Jun 1; 124: 108114108-114.

BackgroundLong-term consequences of COVID-19 are still partly known.Aim Of The StudyTo derive a clinical score for risk prediction of long-term major cardiac adverse events (MACE) and all cause death in COVID-19 hospitalized patients.Methods2573 consecutive patients were enrolled in a multicenter, international registry (HOPE-2) from January 2020 to April 2021 and identified as the derivation cohort. Five hundred and twenty-six patients from the Cardio-Covid-Italy registry were considered as external validation cohort. A long-term prognostic risk score for MACE and all cause death was derived from a multivariable regression model.ResultsOut of 2573 patients enrolled in the HOPE-2 registry, 1481 (58 %) were male, with mean age of 60±16 years. At long-term follow-up, the overall rate of patients affected by MACE and/or all cause death was 7.8 %. After multivariable regression analysis, independent predictors of MACE and all cause death were identified. The HOPE-2 prognostic score was therefore calculated by giving: 1-4 points for age class (<65 years, 65-74, 75-84, ≥85), 3 points for history of cardiovascular disease, 1 point for hypertension, 3 points for increased troponin serum levels at admission and 2 points for acute renal failure during hospitalization. Score accuracy at ROC curve analysis was 0.79 (0.74 at external validation). Stratification into 3 risk groups (<3, 3-6, >6 points) classified patients into low, intermediate and high risk. The observed MACE and all-cause death rates were 1.9 %, 9.4 % and 26.3 % for low- intermediate and high-risk patients, respectively (Log-rank test p < 0.01).ConclusionsThe HOPE-2 prognostic score may be useful for long-term risk stratification in patients with previous COVID-19 hospitalization. High-risk patients may require a strict follow-up.Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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