• Kátia Brandt, Carla R Taddei, Elizabeth H Takagi, Fernanda F Oliveira, DuarteRubens T DRT, Isabel Irino, Marina B Martinez, and Magda Carneiro-Sampaio.
• Universidade de São Paulo, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, Children's Hospital, Brazil.
• Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2012 Jan 1; 67 (2): 113123113-23.

ObjectiveThe establishment of the intestinal microbiota in newborns is a critical period with possible long-term consequences for human health. In this research, the development of the fecal microbiota of a group of exclusively breastfed neonates living in low socio-economic conditions in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, during the first month of life, was studied.MethodsFecal samples were collected from ten neonates on the second, seventh, and 30(th) days after birth. One of the neonates underwent antibiotic therapy. Molecular techniques were used for analysis; DNA was extracted from the samples, and 16S rRNA libraries were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed after construction. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on the samples taken from the 30(th) day to amplify DNA from Bifidobacterium sp.ResultsThe primary phylogenetic groups identified in the samples were Escherichia and Clostridium. Staphylococcus was identified at a low rate. Bifidobacterium sp. was detected in all of the samples collected on the 30(th) day. In the child who received antibiotics, a reduction in anaerobes and Escherichia, which was associated with an overgrowth of Klebsiella, was observed throughout the experimental period.ConclusionThe observed pattern of Escherichia predominance and reduced Staphylococcus colonization is in contrast with the patterns observed in neonates living in developed countries.

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