• Kadir Gorkem Guclu, Ceyda Geyiktepe-Guclu, Osman Faruk Bayramlar, Gulsah Tuncer, and Mehtap Aydin.
• Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology - İstanbul, Turkey.
• Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2024 Jan 1; 70 (1): e20230671e20230671.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare the clinical effects of the addition of anakinra to high-dose steroid therapy in COVID-19 patients with macrophage activation syndrome.MethodsThis was a single-center retrospective study conducted in Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital between March 11, 2020, and April 28, 2021. Patients receiving only high-dose steroid or anakinra+steroid were enrolled. The first day of anakinra was considered as day 0. Laboratory values and oxygen requirements were followed up for 7 days. Patients were divided into two groups: 66 patients in the high-dose steroid group and 67 patients in the anakinra+steroid group. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality.ResultsAfter treatment, a significant decrease in ferritin levels was detected only in the anakinra+steroid group (p=0.001). In both groups, there were significant changes in lymphocytes, C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, and fibrinogen levels during the 7-day follow-up. Changes in oxygen status according to the World Health Organization clinical scale on day 3 and day 7 between high-dose steroid and anakinra+steroid groups were similar (p=0.976). Complications were higher in the anakinra+steroid group than in the steroid group (26% vs. 12%, p=0.03). The rates of 28-day mortality were 57% in the anakinra+steroid group and 42% in the high-dose steroid group (p=0.48). In multivariate regression, anakinra did not affect 28-day mortality (p=0.67).ConclusionThe addition of anakinra to steroid treatment resulted in a significant decrease in biochemical parameters. However, no significant difference was observed in the oxygen status between the groups. The addition of anakinra to steroid treatment did not decrease mortality. Clinicians should be aware of the complications of anti-inflammatory therapies.

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