• Zach Shahn, Boris Jung, Daniel Talmor, Edward H Kennedy, Li-Wei H Lehman, and Elias Baedorf-Kassis.
• MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab, Cambridge, MA, United States of America; CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York City, NY, United States of America.
• J Crit Care. 2024 Aug 1; 82: 154803154803.

IntroductionNeuromuscular blockade (NMB) in ventilated patients may cause benefit or harm. We applied "incremental interventions" to determine the impact of altering NMB initiation aggressiveness.MethodsRetrospective cohort study of ventilated patients with PaO2/FiO2 ratio < 150 mmHg and PEEP≥ 8cmH2O from the Medical Information Mart of Intensive Care IV database (MIMIC-IV version 1.0) estimating the effect of incremental interventions on in-hospital mortality and ventilator-free days, modifying hourly propensity for NMB initiation to be aggressive or conservative relative to usual care, adjusting for confounding with inverse probability weighting.Results5221 patients were included (13.3% initiated on NMB). Incremental interventions estimated a strong effect on NMB usage: 5-fold higher hourly odds of initiation increased usage to 36.5% (CI = [34.3%,38.7%]) and 5-fold lower odds decreased usage to 3.8% (CI = [3.3%,4.3%]). Aggressive and conservative strategies demonstrated a U-shaped mortality relationship. 5-fold higher or lower propensity increased in-hospital mortality by 2.6% (0.95 CI = [1.5%,3.7%]) or 1.3% (0.95 CI = [0.1%,2.5%]) respectively. In secondary analysis of a healthier patient cohort, results were similar, however conservative strategies also improved ventilator-free days.InterpretationAggressive or conservative initiation of NMB may worsen mortality. In healthier populations, marginally conservative NMB initiation strategies may lead to increased ventilator free days with minimal impact on mortality.Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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