• Poramate Pitak-Arnnop, Popchai Ngamskulrungroj, Nithi Mahanonda, Prim Auychai, Benjamin Frech, Veronika Shavlokhova, and Christian Stoll.
• Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Plastic Surgery, UKGM University Hospital Marburg, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
• Medicina (Kaunas). 2024 Feb 25; 60 (3).

AbstractWhile the World Health Organization (WHO) has de-escalated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from a global health emergency, ongoing discussions persist as new viral variants. This article aimed to consolidate German recommendations and international research to offer health care providers (HCPs) a comprehensive guide on COVID-19 boosters in 2024. The review outlines key recommendations from the German Robert Koch Institute. HCPs should receive COVID-19 boosters at least 12 months after their last vaccination or COVID-19 infection, contingent on the prevalent viral variant(s) in the region. However, excessive doses and/or frequent boosters, especially with mRNA vaccines, may lead to immune imprinting, T-cell exhaustion, and immunoglobulin (Ig) switching. Notably, this review highlights the significance of Ig, particularly IgA and IgG subclasses, in influencing infection risk and disease progression. Furthermore, it explores the implications of mRNA vaccine technology and potential adverse effects related to excessive dosing. In conclusion, this article provides a comprehensive analysis of COVID-19 vaccine boosters for HCPs, synthesising current recommendations, scientific debates, and considerations for optimising protection against SARS-CoV-2 in the evolving landscape of the post-pandemic era.

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