• Peyman Mirghaderi, Hediye Gholamshahi, Ali Jahromi, Arad Iranmehr, Mohammad Amin Dabbagh-Ohadi, and Nasim Eshraghi.
• Surgical Research Society (SRS), Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. mirghaderi76@gmail.com.
• Eur Spine J. 2024 Aug 1; 33 (8): 312931473129-3147.

BackgroundWithout clear signs of infection, spinal implant failure is attributed to mechanical overloads and aseptic loosening. However, how low-grade infections contribute to seemingly aseptic implant failure is unclear.PurposeThe systematic review examined unexpected positive cultures (UPCs) in revision spine surgery regarding prevalence, isolated pathogens, risk factors, and strategies to reduce infection among asymptomatic patients undergoing revision spine surgery.MethodsWe followed the PRISMA guidelines and searched four main databases (PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science) comprehensively until January 2023 for articles reporting UPC after presumed aseptic adult revision spine surgery. The UPC rates were pooled, and risk factors were compared with the culture-negative control group and represented as odds ratio (OR) or mean difference (MD).ResultsFifteen studies of 1057 individuals were included in two groups: culture-positive or UPCs (n = 317) and culture-negative or control (n = 740). The overall UPC prevalence was 33.2% (317/1057, range: 0 to 53%, 95% CI = 30.2%-36.4%), and Cutibacterium acnes (43.0%, 95% CI = 37.4%-48.8%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS), (39.5%, 95% CI = 33.2%-46.2%), and Staphylococcus species in general (49.5%, 95%CI = 43.7%-55.4%) were reported the most common isolated microbes. 16.1% of the UPCs were polymicrobial. Risk factors associated with UPC rates were female sex (OR = 2.62, 95%CI = 1.76-3.90, P < 0.001), screw loosening (OR = 4.43, 95%CI = 1.31-15.02, P = 0.02), number of operated levels (MD = 0.77, 95%CI = 0.33-1.22, P = 0.0007), and shorter time since index surgery (MD = - 8.57 months, 95%CI = - 14.76, -2.39, P = 0.02).ConclusionsOne-third of patients undergoing spine revision surgery revealed UPC in this study. Each UPC pathogen interpretation and antibiotic use decision should be interpreted case by case.Level Of EvidenceIV.© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

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