• Shruti K Gohil, Edward Septimus, Ken Kleinman, Neha Varma, Taliser R Avery, Lauren Heim, Risa Rahm, William S Cooper, Mandelin Cooper, Laura E McLean, Naoise G Nickolay, Robert A Weinstein, L Hayley Burgess, Micaela H Coady, Edward Rosen, Selsebil Sljivo, Kenneth E Sands, Julia Moody, Justin Vigeant, Syma Rashid, Rebecca F Gilbert, Kim N Smith, Brandon Carver, Russell E Poland, Jason Hickok, S G Sturdevant, Michael S Calderwood, Anastasiia Weiland, David W Kubiak, Sujan Reddy, Melinda M Neuhauser, Arjun Srinivasan, John A Jernigan, Mary K Hayden, Abinav Gowda, Katyuska Eibensteiner, Robert Wolf, Jonathan B Perlin, Richard Platt, and Susan S Huang.
• Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine.
• JAMA. 2024 Jun 18; 331 (23): 200720172007-2017.

ImportancePneumonia is the most common infection requiring hospitalization and is a major reason for overuse of extended-spectrum antibiotics. Despite low risk of multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) infection, clinical uncertainty often drives initial antibiotic selection. Strategies to limit empiric antibiotic overuse for patients with pneumonia are needed.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether computerized provider order entry (CPOE) prompts providing patient- and pathogen-specific MDRO infection risk estimates could reduce empiric extended-spectrum antibiotics for non-critically ill patients admitted with pneumonia.Design, Setting, And ParticipantsCluster-randomized trial in 59 US community hospitals comparing the effect of a CPOE stewardship bundle (education, feedback, and real-time MDRO risk-based CPOE prompts; n = 29 hospitals) vs routine stewardship (n = 30 hospitals) on antibiotic selection during the first 3 hospital days (empiric period) in non-critically ill adults (≥18 years) hospitalized with pneumonia. There was an 18-month baseline period from April 1, 2017, to September 30, 2018, and a 15-month intervention period from April 1, 2019, to June 30, 2020.InterventionCPOE prompts recommending standard-spectrum antibiotics in patients ordered to receive extended-spectrum antibiotics during the empiric period who have low estimated absolute risk (<10%) of MDRO pneumonia, coupled with feedback and education.Main Outcomes And MeasuresThe primary outcome was empiric (first 3 days of hospitalization) extended-spectrum antibiotic days of therapy. Secondary outcomes included empiric vancomycin and antipseudomonal days of therapy and safety outcomes included days to intensive care unit (ICU) transfer and hospital length of stay. Outcomes compared differences between baseline and intervention periods across strategies.ResultsAmong 59 hospitals with 96 451 (51 671 in the baseline period and 44 780 in the intervention period) adult patients admitted with pneumonia, the mean (SD) age of patients was 68.1 (17.0) years, 48.1% were men, and the median (IQR) Elixhauser comorbidity count was 4 (2-6). Compared with routine stewardship, the group using CPOE prompts had a 28.4% reduction in empiric extended-spectrum days of therapy (rate ratio, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.66-0.78]; P < .001). Safety outcomes of mean days to ICU transfer (6.5 vs 7.1 days) and hospital length of stay (6.8 vs 7.1 days) did not differ significantly between the routine and CPOE intervention groups.Conclusions And RelevanceEmpiric extended-spectrum antibiotic use was significantly lower among adults admitted with pneumonia to non-ICU settings in hospitals using education, feedback, and CPOE prompts recommending standard-spectrum antibiotics for patients at low risk of MDRO infection, compared with routine stewardship practices. Hospital length of stay and days to ICU transfer were unchanged.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03697070.

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