• Madelief Bolscher, Stephanie C E Koster, Matty Koopmans, Jelle L G Haitsma Mulier, DerdeLennie P GLPGDepartment of Intensive Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands., and Nicole P Juffermans.
• Department of Intensive Care, OLVG Hospital, Oosterpark 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
• Crit Care. 2024 Apr 9; 28 (1): 114114.

BackgroundAnemia is a hallmark of critical illness, which is largely inflammatory driven. We hypothesized that the use of anti-inflammatory agents limits the development of anemia and reduces the need for red blood cell (RBC) transfusions in patients with a hyper-inflammatory condition due to COVID-19.MethodsAn observational cohort (n = 772) and a validation cohort (a subset of REMAP-CAP, n = 119) of critically ill patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 were analyzed, who either received no treatment, received steroids or received steroids plus IL-6 blocking agents. The trajectory of hemoglobin (Hb) decline and the need for RBC transfusions were compared using descriptive statistics as well as multivariate modeling.ResultsIn both cohorts, Hb level was higher in the treated groups compared to the untreated group at all time points. In the observational cohort, incidence and number of transfused patients were lower in the group receiving the combination treatment compared to the untreated groups. In a multivariate analysis controlling for baseline Hb imbalance and mechanical ventilation, receipt of steroids remained associated with a slower decline in Hb level and the combination treatment remained associated with a slower decline of Hb and with less transfusions. Results remained the same in the validation cohort.ConclusionImmunomodulatory treatment was associated with a slower decline in Hb level in critically ill patients with COVID-19 and with less transfusion. Findings point toward inflammation as an important cause for the occurrence of anemia in the critically ill.© 2024. The Author(s).

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