• Subhadra Evans, Jennie C I Tsao, Qian Lu, Su C Kim, Norman Turk, Cynthia D Myers, and Lonnie K Zeltzer.
• Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Pain Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. suevans@mednet.ucla.edu
• J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2009 Aug 1;30(4):279-88.

ObjectivesPrevious research has demonstrated links between psychosocial factors, including negative life events (NLE) and pain in children. This study examined sex differences in the relationship among mother-reported NLE, child NLE, mother somatization, and children's laboratory pain responses for heat, cold, and pressure pain tasks. We predicted that maternal NLE would be moderately associated with girls' pain responses but would not be associated with boys' pain responses.MethodParticipants were 176 nonclinical children (89 boys) aged 8 to 18 years (mean = 12.2, SD = 2.7) and their mothers. Mothers and children completed questionnaires assessing their perceptions of NLE experienced in the previous 12 months.ResultsContrary to predictions, maternal NLE were related to pain responses in both boys and girls, although in opposite directions. Thus, increased maternal stress was associated with increased pain responses in girls but with decreased pain responses in boys. In addition, the impact of maternal NLE was only apparent for heat and pain tasks, indicating differential effects for various types of pain.ConclusionThe current findings underscore the importance of family variables in understanding sex differences in children's pain. Future research is needed to examine the mechanisms within the parent-child relationship that contribute to sex-differentiated pain outcomes, particularly under conditions of exacerbated parental stress.

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