• Andrea C Kronman, Arlene S Ash, Karen M Freund, Amresh Hanchate, and Ezekiel J Emanuel.
• Section of General Internal Medicine, Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA. Andrea.Kronman@bmc.org
• J Gen Intern Med. 2008 Sep 1; 23 (9): 133013351330-5.

BackgroundMedical care at the end of life is often expensive and ineffective.ObjectiveTo explore associations between primary care and hospital utilization at the end of life.DesignRetrospective analysis of Medicare data. We measured hospital utilization during the final 6 months of life and the number of primary care physician visits in the 12 preceding months. Multivariate cluster analysis adjusted for the effects of demographics, comorbidities, and geography in end-of-life healthcare utilization.SubjectsNational random sample of 78,356 Medicare beneficiaries aged 66+ who died in 2001. Non-whites were over-sampled. All subjects with complete Medicare data for 18 months prior to death were retained, except for those in the End Stage Renal Disease program.MeasurementsHospital days, costs, in-hospital death, and presence of two types of preventable hospital admissions (Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions) during the final 6 months of life.ResultsSample characteristics: 38% had 0 primary care visits; 22%, 1-2; 19%, 3-5; 10%, 6-8; and 11%, 9+ visits. More primary care visits in the preceding year were associated with fewer hospital days at end of life (15.3 days for those with no primary care visits vs. 13.4 for those with > or = 9 visits, P < 0.001), lower costs ($24,400 vs. $23,400, P < 0.05), less in-hospital death (44% vs. 40%, P < 0.01), and fewer preventable hospitalizations for those with congestive heart failure (adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 0.82, P < 0.001) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aOR = 0.81, P = 0.02).ConclusionsPrimary care visits in the preceding year are associated with less, and less costly, end-of-life hospital utilization. Increased primary care access for Medicare beneficiaries may decrease costs and improve quality at the end of life.

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