• Helen N Palatinus, M Austin Johnson, Henry E Wang, Guillaume L Hoareau, and Scott T Youngquist.
• Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States. Electronic address: helen.palatinus@hsc.utah.edu.
• Resuscitation. 2024 Aug 1; 201: 110266110266.

BackgroundEarly administration of adrenaline is associated with improved survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Delays in vascular access may impact the timely delivery of adrenaline. Novel methods for administering adrenaline before vascular access may enhance survival. The objective of this study was to determine whether an initial intramuscular (IM) adrenaline dose followed by standard IV/IO adrenaline is associated with improved survival after OHCA.Methods Study DesignWe conducted a before-and-after study of the implementation of an early, first-dose IM adrenaline EMS protocol for adult OHCAs. The pre-intervention period took place between January 2010 and October 2019. The post-intervention period was between November 2019 and May 2024.SettingSingle-center urban, two-tiered EMS agency.ParticipantsAdult, nontraumatic OHCA meeting criteria for adrenaline use.InterventionSingle dose (5 mg) IM adrenaline. All other care, including subsequent IV or IO adrenaline, followed international guidelines.Main Outcomes And MeasuresThe primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. Secondary outcomes were time from EMS arrival to the first dose of adrenaline, survival to hospital admission, and favorable neurologic function at discharge.ResultsAmong 1405 OHCAs, 420 (29.9%) received IM adrenaline and 985 (70.1%) received usual care. Fifty-two patients received the first dose of adrenaline through the IV or IO route within the post-intervention period and were included in the standard care group analysis. Age was younger and bystander CPR was higher in the IM adrenaline group. All other characteristics were similar between IM and standard care cohorts. Time to adrenaline administration was faster for the IM cohort [(median 4.3 min (IQR 3.0-6.0) vs. 7.8 min (IQR 5.8-10.4)]. Compared with standard care, IM adrenaline was associated with improved survival to hospital admission (37.1% vs. 31.6%; aOR 1.37, 95% CI 1.06-1.77), hospital survival (11.0% vs 7.0%; aOR 1.73, 95% CI 1.10-2.71) and favorable neurologic status at hospital discharge (9.8% vs 6.2%; aOR 1.72, 95% CI 1.07-2.76).ConclusionIn this single-center before-and-after implementation study, an initial IM dose of adrenaline as an adjunct to standard care was associated with improved survival to hospital admission, survival to hospital discharge, and functional survival. A randomized controlled trial is needed to fully assess the potential benefit of IM adrenaline delivery in OHCA.Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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