• Endrit Shahini, Antonella Argentiero, Alessandro Andriano, Francesco Losito, Marcello Maida, Antonio Facciorusso, Raffaele Cozzolongo, and Erica Villa.
• Gastroenterology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "Saverio de Bellis", Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
• Medicina (Kaunas). 2024 Jun 18; 60 (6).

AbstractHepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is typically a self-limiting, acute illness that spreads through the gastrointestinal tract but replicates in the liver. However, chronic infections are possible in immunocompromised individuals. The HEV virion has two shapes: exosome-like membrane-associated quasi-enveloped virions (eHEV) found in circulating blood or in the supernatant of infected cell cultures and non-enveloped virions ("naked") found in infected hosts' feces and bile to mediate inter-host transmission. Although HEV is mainly spread via enteric routes, it is unclear how it penetrates the gut wall to reach the portal bloodstream. Both virion types are infectious, but they infect cells in different ways. To develop personalized treatment/prevention strategies and reduce HEV impact on public health, it is necessary to decipher the entry mechanism for both virion types using robust cell culture and animal models. The contemporary knowledge of the cell entry mechanism for these two HEV virions as possible therapeutic target candidates is summarized in this narrative review.

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