• Cameron J Oswalt, Morgan M Nakatani, Jesse Troy, Steven Wolf, Susan C Locke, and Thomas W LeBlanc.
• Duke Cancer Institute (C.J.O., S.C.L., T.W.L.B.,), Durham, North Carolina, USA. Electronic address: cameron.oswalt@duke.edu.
• J Pain Symptom Manage. 2024 Oct 1; 68 (4): e325e332e325-e332.

ContextEarly specialist palliative care (PC) involvement in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) is associated with improved quality of life, less aggressive end of life (EoL) care, and longer survival. As treatment paradigms for NSCLC have evolved, PC utilization remains low.ObjectivesThis work examines how the timing and extent of PC involvement impacts outcomes and the patient experience in mNSCLC in the era of immunotherapy.MethodsThis retrospective review analyzed patients with mNSCLC who initiated first-line treatment with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or combined chemoimmunotherapy at Duke University between March 2015 and July 2019. PC consultation and outcomes data were abstracted through November 2022. EoL care variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results152 patients were stratified based on whether PC was consulted during their disease course. 80 patients (53%) never saw PC, while the 72 patients (47%) who saw PC were further stratified by time to first PC encounter and total number of PC visits. 31% were seen within two months of diagnosis (early), 33% between two and six months (intermediate), and 36% after 6 months (late). Patients who received early PC had longer median time on hospice (35 days), had lower rates of aggressive EoL care (43%), and experienced less frequent in-hospital death (14%) compared to other groups.ConclusionThis real-world study reveals that referrals to PC still occur late or not at all in mNSCLC despite demonstrated benefits of early PC integration. Early outpatient PC referrals resulted in longer time on hospice, lower frequency of aggressive EoL care, and lower rates of in-hospital death.Copyright © 2024 American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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