• Shubham Gulati, Sue Wang, Emanuele Mazzola, and M Blair Marshall.
• Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. Electronic address: shubham.gulati@icahn.mssm.edu.
• J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2024 Jul 14.

ObjectiveIndustry payments, as sources of revenue and prestige, may contribute to gender implicit bias. We examined industry payments to cardiothoracic surgeons to determine differences with respect to gender while accounting for practice focus and experience.MethodsPayments to cardiothoracic surgeons from 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020, and 2022 were abstracted from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Open Payment database. Data were restricted to individual payments >$1000 and the following payment criteria: consulting fees, compensation for services other than consulting, honoraria, education, compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a nonaccredited and noncertified continuing education program, and grant. Physician profiles were queried for gender, practice type, and year of last fellowship completion. Descriptive statistics were reported based on these factors.ResultsIn 2014, 509 cardiothoracic surgeons (497 men and 12 women) received meaningful industry payments. Male surgeons received $10,471,192 (99.3%) with median payment of $6500 and mean of $21,069, whereas women received $70,310 (0.7%) with median of $3500 and mean of $5859. In 2022, 674 cardiothoracic surgeons (613 men and 61 women) received industry payments, with men receiving $10,967,855 (92.4%) with a median payment of $6611 and mean of $17,892 and women receiving $905,431 (7.6%) with a median payment of $6000 and mean of $14,843.ConclusionsIndustry payments to women increased from 2014 to 2022 as the proportion of women in practice rose. Industry support of women, with increases in compensation and roles as speakers, consultants, and educators, offers a potential strategy to combat implicit bias within cardiothoracic surgery.Copyright © 2024 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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