• Pain Manag Nurs · Oct 2024

    Soothing and Distress Behaviors of Infants, Parents, and Clinicians During Childhood Vaccinations.

    • Morgan MacNeil, Amos Hundert, and Marsha Campbell-Yeo.
    • School of Nursing, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; MOM-LINC Lab, IWK Health, Halifax, NS, Canada.
    • Pain Manag Nurs. 2024 Oct 1; 25 (5): e327e335e327-e335.

    ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to describe the behaviors of infants who were born preterm, their parents, and clinicians during 2-, 6-, 12-, and 18-month vaccinations.MethodsVaccination sessions were video recorded for 3-5 minutes. The proportion of 5-second intervals in which distress and soothing behavior by infants, parents, and clinicians was coded using the Measure of Adult and Infant Soothing and Distress. Coding consisted of three phases: baseline/anticipatory (60 seconds prior to first needle), procedure (first needle to removal of final needle), and recovery (up to 180 seconds after removal of final needle).ResultsA total of 64 infants were included. Distress behavior by infants during the baseline phase ranged from 13% (12-month vaccinations) to 29% (2-month). There was limited anticipatory soothing behavior from parents (10% [12-month] to 50% [2-month]) and clinicians (6% [12-month] to 17% [2-month]). Distress behavior in infants during the procedure ranged from 43% (18-month) to 96% (2-month). There was limited soothing behavior during the procedure from parents (10% [12-month] to 81% [12-month]) and clinicians (13% [12-month] to 71% [2-month]). Few infants received additional pain-reducing interventions, including skin-to-skin contact, 24% oral sucrose, and topical anesthetic.DiscussionDespite infant distress, there was limited anticipatory behavior from parents and clinicians. Two-month-old infants displayed the most distress across all time points yet received the least amount of treatment and proximal parent and clinician behavior. Additional implementation efforts are required to increase awareness and practice uptake among parents and clinicians to ensure infants receive equitable and effective pain management.Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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