-
- Chihua Li, Chunyu Liu, Chenfei Ye, Zi Lian, and Peiyi Lu.
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China.
- Pain. 2024 Aug 26.
AbstractUsing cross-sectional data from the United States, England, China, and India, we examined the relationship between education and frequent pain, alongside the modification role of gender in this relationship. We further examined patterns of 3 pain dimensions among participants who reported frequent pain, including pain severity, interference with daily activities, and medication use (these pain dimension questions were not administered in all countries). Our analytical sample included 92,204 participants aged 50 years and above. We found a high prevalence of frequent pain across the 4 countries ranging from 28% to 41%. Probit models showed that higher education was associated with lower risk of pain (United States: -0.26, 95% CI: -0.33, -0.19; England: -0.32, 95% CI: -0.39, -0.25; China: -0.33, 95% CI -0.41, -0.26; India: -0.18, 95% CI -0.21, -0.15). Notably, in China and India, the negative association between higher education and frequent pain was less pronounced among women compared with men, which was not observed in the United States or England. Further analysis showed that individuals with higher education experiencing frequent pain reported less severity, fewer daily activity interferences, and less medication use compared with those with lower education. In the United States, these associations were stronger among women. Our findings highlight the prevalent pain among middle-aged and older adults in these 4 countries and emphasize the potentially protective role of higher education on frequent pain, with nuanced gender differences across different settings. This underscores the need for tailored strategies considering educational and gender differences to improve pain management and awareness.Copyright © 2024 International Association for the Study of Pain.
Notes
Knowledge, pearl, summary or comment to share?You can also include formatting, links, images and footnotes in your notes
- Simple formatting can be added to notes, such as
*italics*
,_underline_
or**bold**
. - Superscript can be denoted by
<sup>text</sup>
and subscript<sub>text</sub>
. - Numbered or bulleted lists can be created using either numbered lines
1. 2. 3.
, hyphens-
or asterisks*
. - Links can be included with:
[my link to pubmed](http://pubmed.com)
- Images can be included with:
![alt text](https://bestmedicaljournal.com/study_graph.jpg "Image Title Text")
- For footnotes use
[^1](This is a footnote.)
inline. - Or use an inline reference
[^1]
to refer to a longer footnote elseweher in the document[^1]: This is a long footnote.
.