• Daniël P C van der Spek, Maaike Dirckx, Thomas J P Mangnus, Steven P Cohen, and HuygenFrank J P MFJPM0000-0002-2852-4880Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands..
• Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
• Pain Pract. 2024 Sep 11.

IntroductionComplex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a clinical disorder that can develop following surgery or trauma. Based on the most prominent underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, CRPS can be classified into different subtypes, namely inflammatory, nociplastic/neuropathic, vasomotor, and motor. Depending on the subtype, personalized treatment can be applied. If conservative treatments are insufficient or ineffective, more invasive treatments may be recommended. This article provides an overview of the most recent insights into CRPS and discusses the most common invasive treatments.MethodsThe literature regarding interventional treatments for CRPS has been systematically reviewed and summarized.ResultsBisphosphonates are effective in treating the inflammatory subtype, while ketamine can provide pain relief for the nociplastic/neuropathic subtype. Sympathetic blocks are effective in addressing vasomotor disturbances. For patients with refractory symptoms, neurostimulation is a viable option due to its multimechanistic properties for all subtypes. End-of-line motor disturbances may benefit from intrathecal baclofen.ConclusionsCRPS is a debilitating condition with an unpredictable course. The effectiveness of treatment varies from patient to patient. When conservative approaches prove insufficient, gradual progression to invasive treatments based on the underlying subtype is recommended.© 2024 The Author(s). Pain Practice published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of World Institute of Pain.

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