• Hossein Zare, Andrea N Ponce, Rebecca Valek, Niloufar Masoudi, Daniel Webster, Roland J Thorpe, Michelle Spencer, Cassandra Crifasi, and Darrell Gaskin.
• Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; The School of Business, University of Maryland Global Campus (UMGC). Electronic address: hzare1@jhu.edu.
• Am J Prev Med. 2025 Jan 1; 68 (1): 126136126-136.

IntroductionSocial vulnerability, race, and place are three important predictors of fatal police shootings. This research offers the first assessment of these factors at the zip code level.MethodsThe 2015-2022 Mapping Police Violence and Washington Post Fatal Force Data (2015-2022) were used and combined with the American Community Survey (2015-2022). The social vulnerability index (SVI) was computed for each zip code by using indicators suggested by CDC, then categorized into low-, medium-, and high-SVI. The analytical file included police officers who fatally shot 6,901 individuals within 32,736 zip codes between 2015 and 2022. Negative Binomial Regression (NBRG) models were run to estimate the association between number of police shootings and zip code SVI, racial composition, and access to guns using 2015-2022 data.ResultsMoving from low-SVI to high-SVI revealed the number of fatal police shootings increased 8.3 times, with the highest increases in Blacks (20.4 times), and Hispanics (27.1 times). The NBRG showed that moderate-, and high-SVI zip codes experienced higher fatal police shootings by 1.97, and 3.26 times than low-SVI zip codes; zip code racial composition, working age population, number of violent crimes, number of police officers and access to a gun, were other predictors of fatal police shootings.ConclusionsSocial vulnerability and racial composition of a zip code are associated with fatal police shooting, both independently and when considered together. What drives deadly police shootings in the United States is not one single factor, but rather complex interactions between social-vulnerability, race, and place that must be tackled synchronously. Action must be taken to address underlying determinants of disparities in policing.Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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