• Ryan Ruiyang Ling, Ponnapa ReddyMallikarjunaM0000-0002-4736-2901Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, Australia.Department of Intensive Care Medicine, North Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia.Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Pe, Ashwin Subramaniam, Benjamin Moran, Kollengode Ramanathan, Mahesh Ramanan, Aidan Burrell, David Pilcher, and Kiran Shekar.
• Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore. ryan.ling@u.nus.edu.
• Intensive Care Med. 2024 Nov 1; 50 (11): 186118721861-1872.

PurposeAcute hypoxaemic respiratory failure (AHRF) is a common reason for intensive care unit (ICU) admission. However, patient characteristics, outcomes, and trends over time are unclear. We describe the epidemiology and outcomes of patients with AHRF over time.MethodsIn this binational, registry-based study from 2005 to 2022, we included all adults admitted to an Australian or New Zealand ICU with an arterial blood gas within the first 24 h of ICU stay. AHRF was defined as a partial pressure of oxygen/inspired oxygen ratio (PaO2/FiO2) ≤ 300. The primary outcome was adjusted in-hospital mortality, categorised based on PaO2/FiO2 (mild: 200-300, moderate: 100-200, and severe < 100, and non-linearly). We investigated how adjusted mortality evolved based on temporal trends (by year of admission), sex, age, admission diagnosis and the receipt of mechanical ventilation.ResultsOf 1,560,221 patients, 826,106 (52.9%) were admitted with or developed AHRF within the first 24 h of ICU stay. Of these 826,106 patients, 51.4% had mild, 39.3% had moderate, and 9.3% had severe AHRF. Compared to patients without AHRF (5.3%), patients with mild (8%), moderate (14.2%) and severe (29.9%) AHRF had higher in-hospital mortality rates. As PaO2/FiO2 ratio decreased, adjusted in-hospital mortality progressively increased, particularly below an inflection point at a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of 200. The adjusted in-hospital mortality for all patients decreased over time (13.3% in 2005 to 8.2% in 2022), and this trend was similar in patients with and without AHRF.ConclusionThe healthcare burden due to AHRF may be larger than expected, and mortality rates remain high in severe AHRF. Although mortality has decreased over time, this may reflect improvements in ICU care in general, rather than specifically in AHRF. More research is required to earlier identify AHRF and stratify these patients at risk of deterioration early, and to validate our findings.© 2024. The Author(s).

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