• Axel Gänsslen, Richard A Lindtner, Dietmar Krappinger, and Jochen Franke.
• Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. dr.gaensslen@gmx.de.
• Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2024 Sep 30.

AbstractFemoral head fractures are rare, which limits the experience of individual surgeons with these injuries. This overview examines historical data, injury mechanisms, and classification systems, as well as epidemiological data from larger patient cohorts. Significant controversies persist regarding the optimal surgical approach and fracture-type-specific treatment for Pipkin fractures. The literature is often inconsistent, as many studies fail to differentiate between specific fracture types and instead report aggregated results, leading to ambiguous conclusions about the most effective treatment strategies. Thus, this article reviews fracture-type-specific outcomes of both non-operative and operative treatments over the past 25 years and summarizes their clinical implications, with the aim of assisting surgeons in their decision-making processes.© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

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