• BurnsKaren E AKEAInterdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Kno, Jessica Wong, Leena Rizvi, Myriam Lafreniere-Roula, Kevin Thorpe, John W Devlin, Deborah J Cook, Andrew Seely, Peter M Dodek, Maged Tanios, Thomas Piraino, Audrey Gouskos, Kenneth C Kiedrowski, Phyllis Kay, Susan Mitchell, George W Merner, Michael Mayette, Frederick D'Aragon, Francois Lamontagne, Bram Rochwerg, Alexis Turgeon, Ying Tung Sia, Emmanuel Charbonney, Pierre Aslanian, Gerard J Criner, Robert C Hyzy, Jeremy R Beitler, KassisElias BaedorfEBSchool of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts., Demetrios James Kutsogiannis, Maureen O Meade, Janice Liebler, Santhi Iyer-Kumar, Jennifer Tsang, Robert Cirone, Carl Shanholtz, Nicholas S Hill, and Canadian Critical Care Trials Group.
• Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
• JAMA. 2024 Oct 9.

ImportanceThe optimal screening frequency and spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) technique to liberate adults from ventilators are unknown.ObjectiveTo compare the effects of screening frequency (once-daily screening vs more frequent screening) and SBT technique (pressure-supported SBT with a pressure support level that was >0-≤8 cm H2O and a positive end-expiratory pressure [PEEP] level that was >0-≤5 cm H2O vs T-piece SBT) on the time to successful extubation.Design, Setting, And ParticipantsRandomized clinical trial with a 2 × 2 factorial design including critically ill adults who were receiving invasive mechanical ventilation for at least 24 hours, who were capable of initiating spontaneous breaths or triggering ventilators, and who were receiving a fractional concentration of inspired oxygen that was 70% or less and a PEEP level of 12 cm H2O or less. Recruitment was between January 2018 and February 2022 at 23 intensive care units in North America; last follow-up occurred October 18, 2022.InterventionsParticipants were enrolled early to enable protocolized screening (more frequent vs once daily) to identify the earliest that patients met criteria to undergo pressure-supported or T-piece SBT lasting 30 to 120 minutes.Main Outcome And MeasuresTime to successful extubation (time when unsupported, spontaneous breathing began and was sustained for ≥48 hours after extubation).ResultsOf 797 patients (198 in the once-daily screening and pressure-supported SBT group, 204 in once-daily screening and T-piece SBT, 195 in more frequent screening and pressure-supported SBT, and 200 in more frequent screening and T-piece SBT), the mean age was 62.4 (SD, 18.4) years and 472 (59.2%) were men. There were no statistically significant differences by screening frequency (hazard ratio [HR], 0.88 [95% CI, 0.76-1.03]; P = .12) or by SBT technique (HR, 1.06 [95% CI, 0.91-1.23]; P = .45). The median time to successful extubation was 2.0 days (95% CI, 1.7-2.7) for once-daily screening and pressure-supported SBT, 3.1 days (95% CI, 2.7-4.8) for once-daily screening and T-piece SBT, 3.9 days (95% CI, 2.9-4.7) for more frequent screening and pressure-supported SBT, and 2.9 days (95% CI, 2.0-3.1) for more frequent screening and T-piece SBT. An unexpected interaction between screening frequency and SBT technique required pairwise contrasts that revealed more frequent screening (vs once-daily screening) and pressure-supported SBT increased the time to successful extubation (HR, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.50-0.96]; P = .02). Once-daily screening and pressure-supported SBT (vs T-piece SBT) did not reduce the time to successful extubation (HR, 1.30 [95% CI, 0.98-1.70]; P = .08).Conclusions And RelevanceAmong critically ill adults who received invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours, screening frequency (once-daily vs more frequent screening) and SBT technique (pressure-supported vs T-piece SBT) did not change the time to successful extubation. However, an unexpected and statistically significant interaction was identified; protocolized more frequent screening combined with pressure-supported SBTs increased the time to first successful extubation.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT02399267 and NCT02969226.

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