• Brittany E Punches, Jennifer L Brown, Michael S Lyons, Gordon L Gillespie, Edward W Boyer, Alison R Anderson, Stephanie Carreiro, Jason J Bischof, Emily Kauffman, Henry Young, David Spatholt, Alai Tan, Macarius Donneyong, Andy Ni, and Tamilyn Bakas.
• College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH. Electronic address: Punches.5@osu.edu.
• Pain Manag Nurs. 2024 Nov 8.

BackgroundMillions experience inadequately managed acute pain each year. Opioids are an important tool for managing pain; however, recent reductions in opioid prescriptions have exacerbated preexisting challenges in pain management. Moreover, patient expectations and desires for pain management may drive additional opioid use. There is an important need to characterize patient motivations for using opioids in order to develop promising interventions. The aim of this study was to develop the Decisions To use Opioids (DTO) measure.MethodsWe used an exploratory sequential mixed methods design to create items for the DTO measure. Qualitative data from patient interviews and focus groups informed the development of items for the DTO. We evaluated the content validity of candidate items with nine experts using the content validity index (CVI) and conceptual significance. Face validity was assessed via cognitive interviews with five emergency department (ED) participants who experienced acute pain.ResultsWe generated an initial pool of 52 items. Expert ratings provided evidence of content validity on 40 items, as indicated by an item CVI score of 0.83 or higher. Nine items with CVI scores of <0.83 were retained and revised due to the conceptual significance. The remaining three items were discarded.ConclusionsThis study provided evidence of content and face validity of the DTO measure for ED patients. Further psychometric evaluation is needed to gather data regarding the DTO's internal consistency, construct validity, and criterion validity.Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.

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