• Am J Emerg Med · Nov 2024

    Review

    Agitation: Neurobiology and current management guidelines.

    • Christopher W T Miller, Mario Rullo, Sarah Van Remmen, and Sara Mahmood.
    • University of Maryland School of Medicine, 701 W. Pratt St, Rm 454 Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America. Electronic address: cwtmiller@gmail.com.
    • Am J Emerg Med. 2024 Nov 26; 88: 110119110-119.

    AbstractThere have been important updates in the guidelines for the management of agitation in emergency room settings, including psychiatric emergency services. This manuscript provides a synthesis of current recommendations, combined with a detailed breakdown of the neurobiology of agitation, linking these neuroscientific dimensions with the pharmacological profiles of the drugs recommended by practice guidelines (as well as the profiles of other important agents). Since Project BETA (Best Practices in Evaluation and Treatment of Agitation) guidelines were published in 2012 (by the American Association for Emergency Psychiatry), there have been several developments in the standard of care, including an increase in use of ketamine and droperidol. Recommended treatment strategies for clinicians will be presented, including consideration of how to address specific causes of agitation.Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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