• Nathan Evaniew, Ginger Holt, Sharyn Kreuger, Forough Farrokhyar, Bradley Petrisor, Kelly Dore, Mohit Bhandari, and Michelle Ghert.
• Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
• J Surg Educ. 2013 Jul 1;70(4):528-36.

ObjectiveObjective assessment of resident performance continues to task program directors (PDs) with a formidable challenge. This study evaluated attitudes toward the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination (OITE), compared its value between countries, assessed its value against other metrics of resident performance, and examined program and resident factors predictive of high achievement.DesignSurvey.SettingOrthopedic surgery residency programs across the United States and Canada.ParticipantsOne hundred sixty-six PDs and 945 residents.ResultsEighty-eight PDs and 331 residents completed the surveys (response rates, 54% and 35%, respectively). PDs and residents in the United States assigned greater importance to the OITE than did those in Canada and reported OITE scores from the United States were significantly higher. PDs in the United States reported greater consequences for residents with poor scores than did PDs from Canada, including remediation and reprimand. Observed structured clinical examinations, internal examinations, and in-training evaluation reports were assigned greater importance by PDs and residents in Canada, but low or no importance by those in the United States. In preparation for the OITE, residents strongly favored prior OITE and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons self-assessment questions, the 'AAOS Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review' textbook, the Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, and an OITE-based multiple-choice question website. Regression analysis identified resident and program emphasis on OITE studying and higher level of training as positive predictors for higher OITE scores.ConclusionsThe OITE is more important to PDs and residents in the United States than it is in Canada, and the reported OITE scores reflect these attitudes. PDs in Canada also employ a greater diversity of evaluative tools, a practice in keeping with recent advances toward competency-based medical education. The findings of this report may help PDs be aware of alternative methods of formative resident evaluation and ultimately improve the training of future independent surgeons.Copyright © 2013 Association of Program Directors in Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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